Automation and artificial intelligence are increasingly

Position 1: Policymakers therefore face the urgent challenge of redesigning education and retraining systems to equip displaced workers with skills that complement rather than compete with automation.

Position 2: As a result, demand for mid-skill workers has declined sharply in many industrialised economies, a phenomenon researchers describe as labour market polarisation.

Position 3: Automation and artificial intelligence are increasingly reshaping labour markets in ways that economists are only beginning to understand.

Position 4: Meanwhile, demand has grown at both ends of the wage spectrum, benefiting highly skilled professionals and certain low-skill service roles that require human interaction.

Position 5: Routine cognitive tasks, once the preserve of clerical and administrative workers, are now being performed more efficiently by machine-learning algorithms.