The decline of apex predators in
Position 1: Early results from such programmes suggest that predator recovery can measurably rehabilitate both plant communities and river systems.
Position 2: Without wolves, for instance, deer populations in certain North American forests expanded unchecked, leading to severe overgrazing.
Position 3: Conservationists have responded by advocating for rewilding programmes that reintroduce keystone species to restore ecological balance.
Position 4: The decline of apex predators in many ecosystems has triggered a cascade of ecological consequences known as trophic downgrading.
Position 5: This overgrazing in turn degraded vegetation cover, accelerating soil erosion and reducing biodiversity at multiple trophic levels.
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